Slowly but surely the information about global warming seems to reach the most obstinate ignorants. Therefore let's sum up the current knowledge:

In the past, there was more or less a direct relation between the energy consumption (mainly fossil fuels) and the welfare of a country. This has so far prevented many countries from taking serious actions to reduce their consumption of fossil fuels. As of today however, this relation is not true any more. Germany is a good example of a country where the CO2 emissions have been decreasing for several years despite of a growth of the economy.
In the Kyoto conference many countries have agreed to reduce their CO2 output until the year 2012, on average to 5% below their respective emissions of the year 1990. The USA - as the largest CO2 producer world wide - and most developing countries refused to sign this agreement.
Already today it becomes apparent, that a lot of western countries will largely miss their promises concerning the CO2 reduction. Several signer countries have even increased their CO2 output since the conference.
With this background, discussions have recently started about potential scenarios after the end of the Kyoto agreement, that is after the year 2012. The goal is to move also the USA as well as the developing countries into some sort of obligations.
However, even if it should be possible to sign new, similar agreements for the time after 2012, it is doubtful whether they would be more respected than the ones from Kyoto. This would only be different if sanctions were automatically imposed on those countries, whose CO2 emissions per person still exceed a certain CO2 level after a given transitional period. In the negotiations, each country would of course claim to be qualified for a higher CO2 emission per person than the other countries. Almost any country would fight for an emission level as high as possible. This would of course defeat the original purpose of the reduction agreement.
We are now at the core of the problem: Global warming is a typical global phenomena, where the causer of the emission does not automatically suffer from it himself. Cause and effect are separated both in time as well as geographical.
For non-global phenomena, this is different. Let's for example take a chemical accident with poisons: The immediate environment of the plant will be contaminated, human beings, animals and plants in the close environment are harmed. The damage is almost immediate and clearly visible. For this reason, laws are legislated and strictly imposed for storing and handling of chemical poisons, .
If you increase your personal petrol or gas consumption for this year by say 1'000 litres because you use the car more often, will this lead to natural disasters? And if yes, where? Nobody will be able to take you to the court, because it is not possible to prove a direct relation between your increased yearly consumption of fuels and a drought in Africa. This does not change the fact, however, that the CO2 emission produced by your car does indeed contribute to the global warming. No doubt, you and I are responsible for the climate change, too.
The following testimonies are typical:
These declarations share a fundamentally wrong assumption that we are not fully responsible for what we do. But the contrary is true: We are indeed fully responsible for everything we do or do not do! The fact that we don't get fined or taken into prison for certain deeds does by far not mean that these deeds do not have a big impact on our personal future life.
The goal of all human beings is to live in joy and perpetual harmony with oneself and with the environment, to be able to enjoy life free of sorrows and fears. We approach this goal step by step over a series of incarnations. (see here ).
Let's compare this with classes in school or with a study at the university: Based on your performance within the current semester, you can either advance to the next higher level or you will have to repeat the current level until you meet a certain performance criteria. In a similar manner our behaviour in daily life decides whether we approach the above mentioned goal of perpetual harmony with ourselves and with our environment or not.
Hence it should become evident that harming or even destroying nature - i.e. our environment and basis of being - does at the very end hinder ourselves most: We harm or destroy exactly what we eventually wanted to get in unison and harmony with.
In regard of the common rude and thoughtless dealing with nature, the above may sound rather hopeless for our future. For your personal development however, only your personal behavior counts and not the behavior of "average people" or of a certain majority. It's only about you! Therefore it is possible to develop yourself when you limit your negative footprint of your life here on earth (e.g. consumption of resources, pollution of the environment) to an acceptable level. This is your contribution to solving the problem.
On the other hand, it is impossible to get in perpetual harmony with yourself and with your environment if you do not limit your negative footprint to an acceptable level. It is also a matter of respect towards nature and all its creatures.
There is absolutely no reason at all to wait for laws or incentives from the government before you start with your personal contribution. Who, he does this immediately and by free will, will automatically get better conditions for his or her personal future - be it in this or in next incarnations. For the personal development, only decisions made by free will really do count. There will be very little effect on your personal development if you buy a more economic car because you cannot afford the fuel for a larger car any more. However, if you decide to buy a more economic car of your own free will because you want to reduce your negative effects on the environment, as reverence for the nature, then this will certainly have positive effects on your personal future.
Above we mentioned the similarity to a school or university. There is a teacher or professor who judges the students and their exams. However, who does judge our behaviour in our daily life? Who or what does decide about our personal future, how happy and content we are, how secure we feel?
This is exactly that part in ourselves, which makes "life" in us, differentiate human beings from dead material and which shapes our individuality. It is sometimes called "higher self", "spirit", "mind", "soul", "God in us", etc. It is not important how we call this part of us, however it is very important to recognize that it is part of ourselves. Therefore it is impossible to swindle or to escape from the personal responsibility. For you cannot hide anything from yourself!
The analysis and judgement of our decisions is taking place permanently and leads to corrections on our way of life: In order to learn what we are still missing, "life" will in the future confront us with situations that will give us the chance to try again. And it will repeat either in this or in future incarnations until we indeed do learn what we need to learn. (for further information have a look here ).
Take your personal responsibility serious (also) regarding the pollution which your existence and behavior either directly or indirectly creates. You do not only help prevent the earth from collapsing, but you do help yourself, too. If you personally take responsibility, you won't loose anything. On the contrary, you and everybody else is just gaining advantages.
Deeds are more important than words - do start now!
Most people are shocked when they see how much CO2 they actually produce with their activities!
Comments
Relation between CO2, carbon and carbon footprint
I am getting confused: Some talk about co2, others about carbon footprint or about carbon emissions.
What's what? Or are they somehow related? What should be reduced to stop global warming?
CO2 carbon and carbon footprint
Whenever you burn fossil fuels like petrol, gas, wood, etc, you inevitably generate the gas CO2 called carbon dioxide. This large emission of carbon dioxide is the main cause of global warming and all its side effects. Our goal must be to burn less fossil fuels for heating and for engines.
CO2 and carbon dioxide are just different names for exactly the same molecule. The CO2 molecule consists of 1 carbon and 2 oxygen atoms, the carbon molecule makes up 27 weight-percent of a carbon dioxide molecule or in other words: 27% of the CO2 molecule is carbon.
Example: If your emission is 100 kg CO2, then you can also say you emitted 27 kg carbon (27% of 100 kg CO2).
Most people calculate their personal carbon dioxide (= CO2) emissions, but some do calculate their carbon (=C) emission. It doesn't really matter what you measure, as long as you know how to convert one into the other. The conversion factors are:
The confusing thing is that people talk about carbon footprint but normally mean carbon dioxide footprint. So when you compare carbon footprints you should make sure whether both footprints are measured in kg CO2 (= carbon dioxide) or in kg C (carbon). Otherwise you need to use the above mentioned conversion factors.
talking to a carbon footprint expert?
Thank you, thank you.
I am getten an expert about CO2 (= carbon dixode) and carbon footprint!
We shuold do somthing
everyone needs to help out so th earth will not dissappear
A comment about personal responsibility and Global Warming
There are some ways to prevent the earth from disappearing like, reduce using the electricity at home by turning off the lights and TV at night when it is time for bedtime. Another one, do not throw any garbage either cups, bottles, and papers into the river that will contaminate the river. Be aware to use too much gasoline if the store is only three or four blocks away from your house. Recycling any items that can be recycles or drop it off at any recycling area.
Where can i get info on global warming
can u help me out i need info on global warming for an oral report thanks logan
What kind of information do you need?
Logan,
What kind of information do you exactly need? On this site you can already find some if you go to this overview , then scroll down to the header "global warming" and click on the corresponding tags to get the articles.
Let me know if you need additional information.
Juerg
Meaning of global warming
on seaching meaning of global warming on yahoo you can get your answer
effects
what needs two be reduced
School project
i need help with a school project bout global warming. help
school project
there are so many school projects about global warming...and this site helps alot to learn more about the effects of it...
we should all do something to save our environment!! and make it a sustainable earth!!
Carbon dioxide emission of cars, planes,
Interesting stuff.
Can you give a guideline as to how much carbon dioxide is produced when travelling by car, by bus or by plane?
Global warming contribution of fuels
The best way is to calculate the carbon dioxide emissions based on the fuel consumption. For your convenience, please find below a table of the most common used fuels:
Reading example:
For each gallon (UK) of petrol fuel consumed, 10.4 kg carbon dioxide (CO2) is emitted.
As a very general rule of thumb, you can can assume that travelling by car does produce at least 3 times as much carbon dioxide as travelling the same distance by public transportation (train, bus, tram).
Flying does produce about the same quantity of carbon dioxide as if you'd drive the same distance by car. But the negative effects caused by the emissions in the high atmosphere are 3 times higher than those from the emissions of the car.
You can draw the following conclusions for global warming effects:
We are planning to bring on line a calculator for the carbon footprint about end of January 07. This carbon footprint calculator will then allow for detailed analysis and tracking of the personal contribution to global warming.
Juerg
Global Warming Is Increasing
We ave a should all have a respond to global warming because as we all know in20 years time the GRB will not be there
Global warming contribution of fuels
Juerg,
Do you have a source for these figures? They seem to be often-quoted, but little-sourced, which isn't helping the paper I'm writing!
Joe
Calculate CO2 emissions by fuel
You can calculate the values yourself with some basic knowledge of chemistry. Let's demonstrate this for diesel fuel:
Diesel is a mixture of so-called saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons, the average chemical formula for common diesel fuel is often assumed C12H26, but it compounds range from about C10H22 to C15H32.
Burning fuel is called an oxidation process. To make it simple, we assume C12H26 as chemical formula for diesel fuel. Then the following chemical reaction takes place:
2 C12H22 + 37 O2 → 26 H2O + 24 CO2
The above equation says: From 2 moles of C12H22 (= diesel fuel) you get 24 moles of CO2 (carbon dioxide). The molecular weight of C12H22 is 170 g / mole and for CO2 it is 44 g / mole. So the above equation also says: When you burn (oxidise) 340 g diesel (2 * 170) you get 1'056 g CO2 (24 * 44). Since diesel has a density of about 850 g per liter, burning 1 liter of diesel creates 850 / 340 * 1'056 g CO2 = 2'640 g CO2.
In the table above you find the value of 2'700 g CO2 per liter diesel instead of 2'640 g, the little difference is because for the calculation of the values in the table above I used a more sophisticated assumption for the chemical formula of diesel.
For all other fuels, you can do a similar calculation. As mentioned above, there is no "source" needed, just some knowledge of chemistry is enough. You can find many results in our offline carbon footprint calculator. Values, which I have not computed myself should be referenced in the comments within the Excel sheet (mouse over the red dots).
Juerg
Confirmation of CO2 production when burning petrol
I recently did some simple calculations on the weight and volume of CO2 produced by burning fossil fuels. Interestingly, I got the same figure of 2.3kg of CO2 per litre of petrol burned (as quoted in the table above), using octane as the base molecule.
Juerg is right, you can do a basic caclulation based on an appropriate chemical reaction and the moles of products and reactants involved. Have a look here:
http://tenerife-training.net/Tenerife-News-Cycling-Blog/2008/03/science/how-much-carbon-dioxide-is-produced-by-driving-a-car-on-one-tank-of-petrol/
Great blog by the way; keep up the great work!
Thanks,
Dr. Leslie Brown.
Thank you!
I am a grade 9 student in Uganda and my project was about Global Warming, and now much impact it can make on our lives. The information contained in your research in very helpfull to me so I just wanted to thank you!
Thanks a lot!
Fatima Bilal - Kampala, Uganda
Petrol and carbon footprint
The Stern report (according to the following article) states that ,for example, 424 litres of petrol (presumably less than that in Kgs) produces 1 tonne of CO2.
How can burning fuel produce more than twice its own weight in CO2 ???
Richard Rains London,
Source: ABD Press Release 513 of 7 Nov 2006: "Motorists already pay for their carbon emissions"
"....Calculation 1: Example Car - 2 litre petrol Toyota Avensis - 191g/km CO2 and 34.9mpg Does 3263 miles (5236km) per tonne of CO2 emitted, using 93 gallons (424 litres) of petrol ....
Example Car - 2 litre diesel Toyota Avensis - 155g/km CO2 and 48.7mpg Does 4009 miles (6452km) per tonne of CO2 emitted, using 82 gallons (374 litres) of diesel .....
The difference between petrol and diesel arises because diesel fuel is denser and contains more carbon per litre than petrol.
Calculation 2: A typical 2-litre petrol car (Toyota Avensis) emitting 191 g/km CO2 and averaging 34.9 mpg would emit a tonne of CO2 for every 5,236 km travelled, using 424 litres of petrol in the process...."
How much CO2 does burning of 1 liter petrol produce?
Richard,
I have shortened the article you included in your comment to make it easier to read. Stern report is right: It is indeed normal and correct that burning 1 kg of fossil fuel produces more than 1 kg of carbon dioxide (actually 2.3 kg CO2 for 1 litre of petrol or 3.1 kg CO2 per kg of petrol). The specitic gravity of petrol used in vehicles is 737 g per litre.
Burning fuels like e.g. petrol is a chemical reaction of petrol with oxygen (O2) which releases energy and creates carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). The oxygen is mostly taken from the air (combustion air).
Petrol + Oxygen --> Energy + CO2 + H2O
This specific reaction is also called oxidation (oxi from oxygen). From the total weight of CO2, only 27% is carbon (which is taken from petrol) and the remaining 63% of the weight is from oxygen (which is mostly taken from the air). This does explain how burning of 1 kg of petrol can generate 3.1 kg of carbon dioxide.
If the oxidation process (burning fuel) is not performed under optimal conditions, additional hazardous compounds like e.g. NOx, HCx, etc. may be created. Some of them can be removed or transformed into less hazardous compounds with efficient treatment of the exhaust gas (catalysts, particulate filter, etc.).
.
Energy use of fluorescent lights
Is it true that 'turning on' a fluorescent light, uses more energy than leaving it run ?
Richard
Should fluorescent lights be switched off?
In the start-up phase, fluorescent lights use more energy than when they are running continuously, so it is not a good advice to keep switching them on or off every few seconds.
However if you don't need a fluorescent light for more than 1-2 minutes, it actually saves energy to switch it off. Modern fluorescent lights, with narrower tubes (T8 or T15) and electronic starters generally should left on unnecessarily for no more than a minute or so.
Juerg
sequestration of co2 by trees
I am interested to know some more of the finer details on trees.
*At what age/stage do trees reach maximum sequestration?.
* Presumably 'young' trees are not as good as mature trees & I also understand that older trees are NOT so good.
* Are Eucalyptus trees as good as say Pine Trees or Salt Bush etc etc ?
* How is sequestration measured ?
*I assume the trees turn the co2 into cellulose. Is this correct ?
*I assume the tree needs to be an evergreen. Not desiduous?
Thanks for your assistance.
Peter.
Query about greenhouse effect
Greenhouse gases prevent the infrared rays from leaving the Earth's atmosphere, but why do they not prevent additional solar radiation from entering the atmosphere?
Summary of greenhouse effect and its influence on global warming
Your question has been answered in a short summary about the greenhouse effect and transmission of different wavelength.
Juerg
thanks
I am a student of UG-III in j.u. and the following information stated above is sufficient for me. Please give another idea and write the effect of plastics in Global Warming.